檢視現實真相:吸電子煙
煙草商扭曲有關吸電子煙的事實
電子煙所帶來的問題,遠比你想像的還要多。
推動改變
你的大學是否已經全面禁用煙草與尼古丁產品?
加州青年倡議網絡(California Youth Advocacy Network)的校園項目與學生及教職員合作,致力於在大學社區消除煙草與尼古丁造成的危害。
幫助你的校園成為無煙草、無尼古丁環境(英文網站)
戒除尼古丁
用 EX Program有效對抗尼古丁,並找到真正戒得掉的方法
透過 EX Program,你可以獲得免費、每天 24 小時、一週 7 天的支援,包括每天發送的戒斷簡訊,提供實用建議,還有由專家整理的資源資料庫,以及一個由戒斷者組成的活躍社群,陪你一起堅持到底。
立即戒掉(英文網站)


快問快答
吸食尼古丁電子煙所造成的危害會影響誰?

我們是誰
一個沒有煙草商的加州,不僅是有可能實現的未來,而是正在一步步成為現實。我們正攜手瓦解煙草產業造成的危害。UNDO 隸屬於加州公共衛生局,是全美領先的公共衛生計劃之一,致力於終結煙草商在加州造成的致命傷害。
深入了解我們的使命
- Aherrera A, Lin JJ, Chen R, et al. Metal Concentrations in E-Cigarette Aerosol Samples: A Comparison by Device Type and Flavor. Environ Health Perspect. 2023;131(12):127004. doi:10.1289/EHP11921
- American Cancer Society. Known and probable human carcinogens. Updated August 1, 2024. Accessed March 25, 2025. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/risk-prevention/understanding-cancer-risk/known-and-probable-human-carcinogens.html
- Fowles J, Barreau T, Wu N. Cancer and Non-Cancer Risk Concerns from Metals in Electronic Cigarette Liquids and Aerosols. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Mar 24;17(6):2146. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17062146. PMID: 32213824; PMCID: PMC7142621.
- Goniewicz ML, Knysak J, Gawron M, et al. Levels of selected carcinogens and toxicants in vapour from electronic cigarettes. Tob Control. 2014;23(2):133-139. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050859
- Hess CA, Olmedo P, Navas-Acien A, Goessler W, Cohen JE, Rule AM. E-cigarettes as a source of toxic and potentially carcinogenic metals. Environ Res. 2017;152:221-225. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2016.09.026
- Kosmider L, Sobczak A, Fik M, et al. Carbonyl compounds in electronic cigarette vapors: effects of nicotine solvent and battery output voltage. Nicotine Tob Res. 2014;16(10):1319-1326. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntu078
- Liu Q, Huang C, Chris Le X. Arsenic species in electronic cigarettes: Determination and potential health risk. J Environ Sci (China). 2020;91:168-176. doi:10.1016/j.jes.2020.01.023
- National Cancer Institute. Arsenic. Updated December 5, 2022. Accessed March 25, 2025. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/substances/arsenic
- National Cancer Institute. Chemical and Environmental Exposures: Arsenic. Updated March 2024. Accessed March 25, 2025.
- National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (US) Office on Smoking and Health. E-Cigarette Use Among Youth and Young Adults: A Report of the Surgeon General. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US). Published 2016. Accessed April 17, 2024. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538680/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK538680.pdf
- Olmedo P, Goessler W, Tanda S, et al. Metal Concentrations in e-Cigarette Liquid and Aerosol Samples: The Contribution of Metallic Coils. Environ Health Perspect. 2018;126(2):027010. Published 2018 Feb 21. doi:10.1289/EHP2175
- Proposition 65. Lead and Lead Components. Accessed March 25, 2025. https://www.p65warnings.ca.gov/fact-sheets/lead-and-lead-compounds
- Salamanca, J.C., Meehan-Atrash, J., Vreeke, S. et al. E-cigarettes can emit formaldehyde at high levels under conditions that have been reported to be non-averse to users. Sci Rep 8, 7559 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-25907-6
- The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Formaldehyde: evidence of carcinogenicity. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Updated June 6, 2014. Accessed March 25, 2025. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/81-111/default.html
- Williams M, Bozhilov K, Ghai S, Talbot P. Elements including metals in the atomizer and aerosol of disposable electronic cigarettes and electronic hookahs. PLoS One. 2017;12(4):e0175430. Published 2017 Apr 17. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0175430
- World Health Organization. Arsenic: Key facts. Updated December 7, 2022. Accessed March 25, 2025. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/arsenic
- Zhao S, Zhang X, Wang J, Lin J, Cao D, Zhu M. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risk assessment of organic compounds and heavy metals in electronic cigarettes. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):16046. Published 2023 Sep 25. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-43112-y
- Zhao S, Zhang X, Wang J, Lin J, Cao D, Zhu M. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risk assessment of organic compounds and heavy metals in electronic cigarettes. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):16046. Published 2023 Sep 25. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-43112-y
- Truth Initiative. Nicotine and the young brain. Published June, 2022. Accessed May 14, 2025. https://truthinitiative.org/sites/default/files/media/files/2022/06/Nicotine_Factsheet_FINAL_061722.pdf
- Mohammadi L, Han DD, Xu F, et al. Chronic E-Cigarette Use Impairs Endothelial Function on the Physiological and Cellular Levels. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2022;42(11):1333-1350. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.121.317749.
- Espinoza-Derout J, Shao XM, Lao CJ, et al. Electronic Cigarette Use and the Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022;9:879726. Published 2022 Apr 7. doi:10.3389/fcvm.2022.879726
- Zong H, Hu Z, Li W, et al. Electronic cigarettes and cardiovascular disease: epidemiological and biological links. Pflugers Arch. 2024;476(6):875-888. doi:10.1007/s00424-024-02925-0
- Antwi GO, Rhodes DL. Association between E-cigarette use and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in non-asthmatic adults in the USA. J Public Health (Oxf). 2022;44(1):158-164. doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdaa229
- Bhatta DN, Glantz SA. Association of E-Cigarette Use With Respiratory Disease Among Adults: A Longitudinal Analysis. Am J Prev Med. 2020;58(2):182-190. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2019.07.028.
- Traboulsi H, Cherian M, Abou Rjeili M, et al. Inhalation Toxicology of Vaping Products and Implications for Pulmonary Health. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(10):3495. Published 2020 May 15. doi:10.3390/ijms21103495
- Cardenas HL, Evanoff NG, Fandl HK, et al. Endothelial-derived extracellular vesicles associated with electronic cigarette use impair cerebral microvascular cell function. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2023;135(2):271-278. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00243.2023
- Patel U, Patel N, Khurana M, et al. Effect Comparison of E-Cigarette and Traditional Smoking and Association with Stroke—A Cross-Sectional Study of NHANES. Neurol Int.. 2022;14(2):441-452. doi:10.3390/neurolint14020037
- Shi J, Xiong L, Guo J, Yang Y. The association between combustible/electronic cigarette use and stroke based on national health and nutrition examination survey. BMC Public Health. 2023;23(1):697. Published 2023 Apr 14. doi:10.1186/s12889-023-15371-x
- Goriounova NA, Mansvelder HD. Short- and long-term consequences of nicotine exposure during adolescence for prefrontal cortex neuronal network function. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2012;2(12):a012120. Published 2012 Dec 1. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a012120
- Kutlu MG, Gould TJ. Nicotine modulation of fear memories and anxiety: Implications for learning and anxiety disorders. Biochem Pharmacol. 2015;97(4):498-511. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.07.029.
- Picciotto MR, Brunzell DH, Caldarone BJ. Effect of nicotine and nicotinic receptors on anxiety and depression. Neuroreport. 2002;13(9):1097-1106. doi:10.1097/00001756-200207020-00006
- Zhao-Shea R, DeGroot S, Liu L, et al. Increased CRF Signalling in a Ventral Tegmental Area-Interpeduncular Nucleus-Medial Habenula Circuit Induces Anxiety during Nicotine Withdrawal. Nature News. 2015;Nat. Commun. 6:6770. doi: 10.1038/ncomms7770
- Lechner WV, Janssen T, Kahler CW, Audrain-McGovern J, Leventhal AM. Bi-directional associations of electronic and combustible cigarette use onset patterns with depressive symptoms in adolescents. Prev Med. 2017;96:73-78. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.12.034.
- Obisesan OH, Mirbolouk M, Osei AD, et al. Association Between e-Cigarette Use and Depression in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2016-2017. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(12):e1916800. Published 2019 Dec 2. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.16800
- Etter JF, Ussher M, Hughes JR. A test of proposed new tobacco withdrawal symptoms. 2013;108:50-59. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03981.x
- Poisson SN, Glidden D, Johnston SC, Fullerton HJ. Deaths from stroke in US young adults, 1989-2009. Neurology. 2014;83(23):2110-2115. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000001042
- Rutten-Jacobs LC, Arntz RM, Maaijwee NA, et al. Long-term mortality after stroke among adults aged 18 to 50 years. JAMA. 2013;309(11):1136-1144. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.842
- Samson K. Higher Mortality for Young Stroke Survivors. Neurology Today. 2013;13(9):19-20. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/01.nt.0000430536.58483.d2
- Sundar IK, Javed F, Romanos GE, Rahman I. E-cigarettes and flavorings induce inflammatory and pro-senescence responses in oral epithelial cells and periodontal fibroblasts. Oncotarget. 2016;7(47):77196-77204. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.12857
- American Society for Microbiology. Evidence grows for vaping's role in gum disease. Published February 22, 2022. Accessed May 8, 2025. https://asm.org/press-releases/2022/feb-2022/evidence-grows-for-vaping-s-role-in-gum-disease#%3A~%3Atext=Washington%2C%20DC%20%E2%80%93%20February%2022%2C%2Clong%2Dterm%20consequences%20of%20vaping
- Pushalkar S, Paul B, Li Q, et al. Electronic Cigarette Aerosol Modulates the Oral Microbiome and Increases Risk of Infection. iScience. 2020;23(3):100884. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2020.100884
- Thomas SC, Xu F, Pushalkar S, et al. Electronic Cigarette Use Promotes a Unique Periodontal Microbiome. mBio. 2022;13(1):e0007522. doi:10.1128/mbio.00075-22
- Xu F, Aboseria E, Janal MN, et al. Comparative Effects of E-Cigarette Aerosol on Periodontium of Periodontitis Patients. Front Oral Health. 2021;2:729144. Published 2021 Sep 7. doi:10.3389/froh.2021.729144
- Guo X, Hou L, Peng X, Tang F. The prevalence of xerostomia among e-cigarette or combustible tobacco users: A systematic review and meta-analysis [published correction appears in Tob Induc Dis. 2023 Mar 27;21:46. doi: 10.18332/tid/161989.]. Tob Induc Dis. 2023;21:22. Published 2023 Feb 9. doi:10.18332/tid/156676
- Johns Hopkins Medicine. Halitosis (Bad Breath). Published April 24, 2025. Accessed April 24, 2025. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/halitosis-bad-breath
- Mayo Clinic. Bad breath: symptoms and causes. Updated December 21, 2023. Accessed May 14, 2025. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bad-breath/symptoms-causes/syc-20350922
- Soule EK, Bode KM, Desrosiers AC, Guy M, Breland A, Fagan P. User-Perceived Negative Respiratory Symptoms Associated with Electronic Cigarette Use. Nicotine Tob Res. 2020 Dec 15;22(Suppl 1):S45-S53. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntaa179.
- Tsai M, Byun MK, Shin J, Crotty Alexander LE. Effects of e-cigarettes and vaping devices on cardiac and pulmonary physiology. J Physiol. 2020 Nov;598(22):5039-5062. doi: 10.1113/JP279754. Epub 2020 Oct 12. PMID: 32975834.
- Ghosh A, Coakley RD, Ghio AJ, et al. Chronic E-Cigarette Use Increases Neutrophil Elastase and Matrix Metalloprotease Levels in the Lung. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019;200(11):1392-1401. doi:10.1164/rccm.201903-0615OC
- Osei AD, Mirbolouk M, Orimoloye OA, et al. Association Between E-Cigarette Use and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease by Smoking Status: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System 2016 and 2017. Am J Prev Med. 2020;58(3):336-342. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2019.10.014
- Chaffee BW, Barrington-Trimis J, Liu F, et al. E-cigarette use and adverse respiratory symptoms among adolescents and Young adults in the United States. Prev Med. 2021;153:106766. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106766
- Mukerjee R, Hirschtick JL, Arciniega LZ, et al. ENDS, Cigarettes, and Respiratory Illness: Longitudinal Associations Among U.S. Youth. Am J Prev Med. 2024;66(5):789-796. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2023.12.005
- Alzahrani T, Pena I, Temesgen N, Glantz SA. Association Between Electronic Cigarette Use and Myocardial Infarction [published correction appears in Am J Prev Med. 2019 Oct;57(4):579-584. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2019.08.003.]. Am J Prev Med. 2018;55(4):455-461. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2018.05.004
- Bjurlin MA, Matulewicz RS, Roberts TR, et al. Carcinogen Biomarkers in the Urine of Electronic Cigarette Users and Implications for the Development of Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review. Eur Urol Oncol. 2021;4(5):766-783. doi:10.1016/j.euo.2020.02.004
- Molony RD, Wu CH, Lee YF. E-liquid exposure induces bladder cancer cells to release extracellular vesicles that promote non-malignant urothelial cell transformation. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):142. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-27165-z
- Li L, Lin Y, Xia T, Zhu Y. Effects of Electronic Cigarettes on Indoor Air Quality and Health. Annu Rev Public Health. 2020;41:363-380. doi: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040119-094043.
- Abreu-Villaça Y, Seidler FJ, Tate CA, Slotkin TA. Nicotine is a neurotoxin in the adolescent brain: critical periods, patterns of exposure, regional selectivity, and dose thresholds for macromolecular alterations. Brain Res. 2003;979(1-2):114-128. doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(03)02885-3
- Levin ED. Neurotoxicology of nicotine and tobacco. In: Advances in Neurotoxicology. Vol 8. Elsevier; 2022:93-103. doi:10.1016/bs.ant.2022.06.003
- Mishra A, Chaturvedi P, Datta S, Sinukumar S, Joshi P, Garg A. Harmful effects of nicotine. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol. 2015;36(1):24-31. doi:10.4103/0971-5851.151771
- Yuan M, Cross SJ, Loughlin SE, Leslie FM. Nicotine and the adolescent brain. J Physiol. 2015;593(16):3397-3412. doi:10.1113/JP270492
- Harvard Health Publishing. Popcorn lung: what is it, and who is at risk? Published January 2, 2024. Accessed May 14, 2025. https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/popcorn-lung-what-is-it-and-who-is-at-risk
- Sahu R, Shah K, Malviya R, Paliwal D, Sagar S, Singh S, Prajapati BG, Bhattacharya S. E-Cigarettes and Associated Health Risks: An Update on Cancer Potential. Adv Respir Med. 2023;91(6):516-531. doi: 10.3390/arm91060038.
- National Cancer Institute. Cancer-causing substances: nickel compounds. Updated December 8, 2022. Accessed May 15, 2025. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/substances/nickel
- National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice; Committee on the Review of the Health Effects of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; Eaton DL, Kwan LY, Stratton K, editors. Public Health Consequences of E-Cigarettes. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2018 Jan 23. 10, Cancers. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507174/
- Cho JH, Paik SY. Association between Electronic Cigarette Use and Asthma among High School Students in South Korea. PLoS One. 2016;11(3):e0151022. Published 2016 Mar 4. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0151022
- OpenSecrets. Industry Profile: Tobacco. Opensecrets.org. https://www.opensecrets.org/federal-lobbying/industries/summary?cycle=2021&id=A02. Accessed March 16, 2022.
- Federal Trade Commission. Federal Trade Commission Cigarette Report for 2020. Washington, D.C.: Federal Trade Commission. October, 2021. Accessed July 10, 2024. https://www.ftc.gov/reports/federal-trade-commission-cigarette-report-2020-smokeless-tobacco-report-2020
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The health consequences of involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke: a report of the surgeon general. Office of Smoking and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Published 2006. Accessed July 10, 2024. https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/classic/research/apr/reports/l4000a.pdf
- UCSF Industry Documents Library. Younger adult smokers: strategies and opportunities. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company. Published February 29, 1984. Accessed July 10, 2024. https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/rkvk0045
- Anderson SJ. Marketing of menthol cigarettes and consumer perceptions: a review of tobacco industry documents. Tob Control. 2011;20(Suppl_2):ii20-ii28. doi:10.1136/tc.2010.041939.
- Belzagui F, Buscio V, Gutiérrez-Bouzán C, Vilaseca M. Cigarette butts as a microfiber source with a microplastic level of concern. Science of The Total Environment. 2021;762:144165. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144165.
- Break Free From Plastic. Branded Vol. III Demanding corporate accountability for plastic pollution. Brand Audit 2020. Published 2020. Accessed July 10, 2024. https://brandaudit.breakfreefromplastic.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/BFFP-Brand-Audit-Report-2020.pdf.
- Poma A, Vecchiotti G, Colafarina S, et al. In Vitro Genotoxicity of Polystyrene Nanoparticles on the Human Fibroblast Hs27 Cell Line. Nanomaterials (Basel). 2019;9(9):1299. Published 2019 Sep 11. doi:10.3390/nano9091299.
- Zarus GM, Muianga C, Hunter CM, Pappas RS. A review of data for quantifying human exposures to micro and nanoplastics and potential health risks. Sci Total Environ. 2021;756:144010. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144010.
- Jacob H, Besson M, Swarzenski PW, Lecchini D, Metian M. Effects of Virgin Micro- and Nanoplastics on Fish: Trends, Meta-Analysis, and Perspectives. Environ Sci Technol. 2020;54(8):4733-4745. doi:10.1021/acs.est.9b05995
- Ziv-Gal A, Flaws JA. Evidence for bisphenol A-induced female infertility: a review (2007-2016). Fertil Steril. 2016;106(4):827-856. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.06.027.
- Campanale C, Massarelli C, Savino I, Locaputo V, Uricchio VF. A Detailed Review Study on Potential Effects of Microplastics and Additives of Concern on Human Health. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(4):1212. doi:10.3390/ijerph17041212.
關注我們
在社群平台上關注我們,獲取最新資訊、實用資源與更多內容。